JYOTISH, HAST JYOTISH

Articles on Jyotish:
Jyotish for Ayurvedic Consultations: Some Considerations, by Tamiko Fischer (excerpt)
Seven Steps in Managing Your Destiny, by Dr. Gyansham Birla (full article)
Ayurveda and Jyotish: An Overview by Jeffrey Armstrong (excerpt)

The Role of Planets and Remedies in Diabetes, by Shrilakshmi Tummula

Ayurveda and Joytish: An Overview

by Jeffrey Armstrong (Excerpt from Fall issue, 2008)

Ayurveda and Jyotisha are sister sciences, which look at the same reality from their own perspective. Both observe karma or cause and effect, in various states and stages of manifestation. The context for all Vedic science is the “Pancha Maha Bhutas” or “Five Element” world view. What makes this scientific approach so useful is that the five elements can be perceived directly through our unaided senses, without the use of expensive technology.

In other words, both Jyotisha and Ayurveda are methods of describing the unfolding of the five elements of nature in various stages and combinations. This inevitably means that both diagnosticians must be able to determine the dosha or five-element body type. Both are trying to determine where imbalances may be occurring and then recommend some upaya or remedy that will restore harmony and balance. In order to do this, both need to determine the elemental condition of the client. In ancient times they often did this working together. Under the pressure of colonization by Islam and Europe, the sciences of India became fragmented. Hopefully now, they are being revived and reunited.

All Vedic sciences serve a common purpose: the liberation of the eternal atma (eternal being) from the bondage of unconscious matter. This moksha or liberation is the final intention of all Vedic knowing. Both Jyotisha and Ayurveda are Vedanga or limbs of the body of Vedic information, the soul and purpose of which is to assist the atmas to return to the transcendental realm from which they originally began their journey of exploration into the unconscious realms of matter.

The key to understanding the intention of Vedic astrology and medicine is revealed at the beginning of the third chapter of The Bhagavad-gita, where Lord Shri Krishna as Vishnu, the Maintainer of All, says, “In the beginning I sent forth generations of humans and Devas and said unto them cooperate with one another by means of performing yajna or sacrifice.” What modern impersonal science calls the “laws of nature” were known to the Vedic rishis as the ritam or invisible laws conducting nature. According to the Vedas, that ritam is overseen, managed and conducted by atmas like ourselves who have taken birth as Devas for the management of matter.

Both Ayurveda and Vedic astrology are rooted in this relationship between the Deva-atmas and human-atmas. The essence of this connection is revealed in the Puranic story of the creation of the Universe via the churning of the so-called “Ocean of Milk” or Kshir Sagar. Two opposing forces, embodied as two groups of beings, cooperated and competed in a great agitation of the substances of matter, viewed as an ocean of potential, a kind of Vedic quantum field. One group was the Devas from the Sanskrit root, “div,” meaning “to play in the light” and the other group was called asura or “against the light” and thus attached to darkness.

The Greek version of this Vedic story called these beings the “Lords of Cosmos” and the “Lords of Chaos.” The Devas live in the light and cooperate with Vishnu, the Maintainer of All, (and Lakshmi, his consort) to create and keep in balance the intricate machinery of the cosmos. The Asuras create chaos by making their selfish desires the center of existence and thereby disrupting the smooth functioning of the Universe.
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Author Jeffrey Armstrong is the Media and Communications Director for both the Vedic Friends Association and the Hindu Collective for North America, and founder of VASA, the Vedic Academy of Sciences and Arts. In this role, he speaks at corporations, yoga ashrams and centers, temples, ayurvedic and astrological conferences, and teaches a wide variety of seminars based on the Vedic knowledge. Web site

Jyotish for Ayurvedic Consultations: Some Considerations

by Tamiko Fischer (Excerpt from Fall issue, 2008)

Ayurvedic practitioners in India and in the West have varying levels of experience in the study and practice of Jyotish, and their day to day inclusion of this sister science has many different faces. The Ayurveda practitioner’s application of Jyotish can range anywhere from a brief assessment of the natal chart to a deeper understanding of prakriti (genetic constitution), to a predictive chart reading that includes concrete descriptions of life events to come. He or she might check the birth chart in order to recommend upayas (astrological remedies), the prescription of which may include specific mantras (sacred words), wearing of gemstones, charitable offerings to specific people or animals, homas (Vedic ritual fire sacrifice) and other unique and subtle healing practices. At the very least, the healer might simply consult the Panchanga, or Vedic Almanac, in order to choose a favorable nakshatra and tithi or lunar asterism and lunar day combination to begin administering a course of treatment.

The most foundational influences in the birth chart determine one’s prakriti: the planets governing and influencing the Lagna (Ascendant), Lagnesh (a specific planet corresponding to the zodiacal sign where the Ascendant sits), Sun, and Moon are all key indicators.1 For studying vikriti (doshic imbalance) the use of Dashas (timing cycles unique to Jyotish) and gochara (transits of planets through the houses of the birth chart) show temporal influences. Also there are areas of the chart that indicate one’s disease potentials–namely the 6th, 8th, and 12th houses, which govern disease and immunity, accidents and crisis, and loss of vitality and convalescence.2

While the above-mentioned factors indicate the basis of a person’s constitution and vitality, in a birth-chart every astrological influence adds up cumulatively, providing numerous layers of meaningful information about a person’s health, mental and emotional temperament, external life situation and the most likely future life events. At its most expansive interpretation, the birth chart offers a means for understanding dharma, or the unique personal path that most naturally supports one’s ethical actions and deepest inner growth.
Ayurveda and Jyotisha Complement Each Other
Specific to Ayurvedic consultation, the following factors illustrate some of the diverse considerations in Jyotish that yield valuable information about a patient’s life and health:
The 2nd house: The 2nd house of the natal chart is important for several reasons. In classical texts this house is called Dhana Bhava or ‘the house of wealth’,3 but like every other house, it has numerous diverse, yet subtly interconnected meanings. This house governs one’s immediate material surroundings (especially at birth) and fundamental tendencies in both consumption and expression.4 Importantly, this is the primary house of nutrition, and it is here that we find information about one’s nutritional habits. Planets that strongly influence the 2nd house (through occupation, aspect, or conjunction with the planetary ruler of this house)5 give information about a person’s food preferences and how sound their habits might be. Classical texts give various examples of combinations influencing this house such as:
“In case the lord of the 2nd house is in a moveable sign or there is a fast moving planet in that house, and a fast moving planet aspects the second house, the native takes long to finish his meals and finds fault with food.” Sarvath Chinatmani, stanza 3-shloka 145.6.

We hope you enjoyed this excerpt from Tamiko Fischer's article. Click here to order the complete reprint of this article.

Tamiko Fischer began her study of Jyotish in 1998 under Hart De Fouw, and is a student of Dr. T.S. Vasan of Bangalore. Since 1999 she has offered Jyotish as a service in the charitable organization of Sri Mata Amritanandamayi Devi while a resident of M.A. Math, Amma’s South India Ashram. From 2001-2006 she provided Jyotish consultations as a staff astrologer at programs during Amma’s yearly tours of the U.S. She has published research articles in K.N. Rao’s Journal of Astrology, Dr. K.S. Charak’s Astrology magazine, and in the U.S. writes a monthly Jyotish forecast for LA Yoga magazine. She has a Jyotish practice in the U.S. Email Web site

Seven Steps to Managing our Destiny

by Dr. Ghanshyam Birla

No matter what tendencies we have, we need not be affected by them throughout our whole life. We have the free will to change.

What steps can we take to bring about positive changes? We must be patient and diligent. It takes time before a conscious mode of behavior filters through into our subconscious and becomes automatic. By understanding the implications of the following sequences of steps, we can teach ourselves to exercise our free will constructively.

Breath
It is our breathing that gives birth to our thoughts. We need our breath, which sustains our lives, to transform an idea into living reality. When we learn to control the quality and depth of our breathing, we channel our life force or prana—a subtle form of breath responsible for giving us strength and energy.

Thought
Deep, balanced breathing—where the cycle of inhalation and exhalation is effortless— creates a state of inner calm in which clear, objective thinking can occur. We become more focused on the present moment without losing sight of the greater context.

Action
Once we are able to think clearly about a situation or problem, we will know how to act. We will be able to discriminate between what we want and what we need. We will be able to determine what is really good for us and what is not.

Habit
When we practice positive patterns of behavior, we create habits. While these new actions may require conscious effort at first, over time they become second nature.Character
Habits provide the foundation of our character. Once a series of desirable repeated actions becomes an unconscious habit, we realize that we have begun to change our past tendencies.

Behavior
Our behavior reflects the changes in our inner nature, our character. Others perceive us as wiser and more loving.

Circumstances
With a more positive attitude and behavior, we find that the circumstances of our lives will improve. We find greater harmony in our work, in our personal relationships and in our spiritual life.

The Importance of Yogic Breathing in Vedic Palmistry
Proper breathing is the foundation for changes in attitude and behavior, which in turn allow us to attract positive circumstances into our lives. Yogic tradition places great emphasis on the technique of breathing so that we can achieve a balance between incoming and outgoing—or cool and warm—breaths, establishing a neutral zone. Ideally, the incoming breath should equal the outgoing breath in depth and duration. This produces a balance between cool (incoming) and warm (outgoing) breathing that results in a neutral state. The life force or prana (referred to as chi in Chinese or ki in Japanese) can now flow without impediment.

Most of us recognize the benefit of taking a few deep breaths when we are anxious, stressed or in pain. By breathing deeply, we are cooling down our overstimulated emotions. We are also giving our intellect an opportunity to distance us from the source of our unease. Similarly, we often sigh or exhale forcibly in response to sorrow, anger or frustration. In the process, we are letting off steam—releasing an overabundance of heat. We are attempting to bring our feelings into balance with our mind. In both instances, there is a conscious effort to reach a balance between our emotions and our reason.

Once we learn to balance our breathing, we create a proper environment in which positive changes can occur. As we have seen, with time, these changes are reflected in the lines and signs of the hand.

“Gary” - Absence of Minor Lines
“Gary” had just gone through a divorce which left him physically and emotionally drained at the time of the first hand print (see chart). He understood that part of the reason for his failed relationship was his inability to express himself freely and openly. Many ideas and goals were wubdued due to his lack of confidence. This frastration can be seen in his hand by the absence of minor lines. For example, there is no Mercury lin (which relates to self-expression) or Sun line (relating to belief in oneself). Gary decided to leave the past anguish and heartache behind and to focus on the future. He began group therapy, returned to school and tried to maintain a positive outlook on life. The later print shows the development of both a Mercury line and a Sun line, revealing greater ease of self-expression and inner contentment.

Dr. Ghanshyam Birla founded the National Research Institute for Self-Understanding and the Palmistry Center in Montreal, Canada, in 1972. He lectures extensively and written on the powerful insights of the Vedic sciences, including “Love in the Palm of Your Hand”, “Magnet Therapy” and “Destiny in the Palm of Your Hand....”. He will soon be seen on “Inquiring Minds” on Discovery Channel. In 1998, Dr. Birla established a 300-acre lakefront retreat in Chénéville, Québec, which serves as an international facility for studies and services in palmistry, astrology, and Ayurvedic healing.
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The Role of Planets and Remedies for Diabetes
bySrilakshmi Tummala, M.B.B.S.

Abstract :  The astrological combinations for diabetes are explained. Astrological remedies can be used to nullify the malefic effects of planets that have resulted in diseases such as diabetes. The malefic effect of one planet can be neutralized by another planet. Planets rule certain herbs; herbs ruled by a balancing planet can be used to control the diseases caused by a malefic planet. Pujas, a Hindu ritual, offers leaves, fruits and preparations to appropriate Deities to nullify a planet’s malefic effects. Pujas also helps to bring about lifestyle changes and maintain good mental health, both very important in controlling diabetes including at the karmic level.

Diabetesis a chronic metabolic disorder with devastating long term consequences. It is the leading cause of amputations, kidney failure and blindness, and is a major risk factor for stroke, heart diseases, and birth defects. Currently there is no method to cure diabetes. The disease can only be moderately controlled with conventional treatment. As a result, many people are looking to dietary supplements to manage the disease.

The primary characteristic of the disease is hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). The hormone insulin is responsible for controlling glucose levels in the blood. According to conventional medicine, diabetes is classified as Type I or Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Type II or Non-Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus. The persons, usually children and young adults, suffering from Type I diabetes can’t produce insulin and must take insulin daily. In Type II diabetes, usually diagnosed in adults over 45 years of age, the body is resistant to insulin.
Ayurvedic Classification
Type I diabetes (Juvenile) corresponds to vata and pitta type of diabetes of Ayurvedic classification of diabetes and type II diabetes corresponds to the kapha type (1).
Cause and Risk Factors
The exact causes of diabetes are not known, but according to the U.S. Food and Drug administration, there are risk factors for getting diabetes. They are: family history of diabetes, overweight, sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure and age factor of 45 years and above 2.Other risk factors are stress, anxiety and excessive consumption of alcohol, sugar, and fat (1). Psychologically, it is a disease of desire, thirst and lack of contentment in life (1).
 Not all people with these risk factors develop the disease. Other factors can be seen in one’s horoscope. The inherent strength determines the susceptibility and resistance to disease. (3) The natal chart reveals the karmic code of a person. (4) According to Frawley “ true healing must occur first of all at the karmic level”. (5) Healing at karmic level means not simply treating the symptoms; it is holistic treatment to remove the karmic causes that include wrong attitudes and inappropriate lifestyles (5). Using astrology, we can predict the disease and avoid it on the karmic level by changing lifestyles, food habits and attitudes.

Dr. Charaka illustrated some planetary combinations for getting diabetes.6 According to him, Jupiter is the significator for the liver and part of pancreas and Venus is significator for the remainder of the pancreas 6.
The planetary combinations for getting diabetes as illustrated by Charaka are 6:
1. Debilitated Jupiter.
2. Jupiter placed in 6th, 8th or12th house from the ascendant.
3. Jupiter in retrograde.
4. When Jupiter is affected by the poisonous rays of Saturn and Rahu.
5. Venus in the 6th house.
6. Combust Jupiter (Jupiter in close proximity to Sun)

The kapha type of diabetes is caused by malefic positions of Venus and Jupiter whereas debilitated Jupiter causes a vata type. (7) The vata type of diabetes is caused by malefic effects of Saturn and Rahu. (7) Pitta type diabetes is caused by the malefic effects of Sun. (7) According to Hindu Astrology, malefic effects caused by one planet are balanced by another favorable planet.Frawley states that food and herbs are associated with planets, and that we can utilize astrology to choose appropriate herbal and dietary treatments(8).
Use of Taste in Treatment
According to Ayurveda, there are six tatstes  (shadruchulu), each with its own influence on increasing or decreasing the doshas; herbs and foods are classified based on their taste. Each planet is related to one of these six tastes, thus there is correspondence between the planet and plant energies9. Knowing the associated herbs of a planet makes it easier to give dietary and herbal treatment, choosing those ruled by a favorable planet to treat diseases caused by malefic planets.

Bitter taste and herbs are ascribed to vata planets like Saturn and Mercury 10. They increase vata and reduce pitta and kapha 11. Bitter herbs like aloe, gentian, neem, and barberry can be used in both kapha and pitta types of diabetes (1).
Pungent taste is attributed to Sun and Mars, the pitta planets.10 Pungent taste increasespitta and vata and reduces kapha (9). Therefore, pungent herbs like black pepper, ginger, and cayenne can be used for kapha type of diabetes1. Venus and Jupiter, the kapha planets, are related to sweet taste.10 I believe that herbs possessing sweet taste are related to either Jupiter or Venus and that they have the properties of increasing kapha and reducing pitta and vata. Frawley suggests nuts for vata-type diabetes.(1) Most nuts come under category of sweet herbs which are ruled by Jupiter, a kaphagenic planet. (11)

According to Raphel, garlic and onions are ruled by Mars.(12) They are pungent herbs11 and can be used in kapha-type diabetes. Research studies show that onion (Allium cepum) increases ‘glutathione peroxidase activity’ and improves liver glycogen storage.(14) They also state that it increases secretion and decreases degradation of insulin.  Other research studies show reduction in blood glucose by using garlic, Allium sativum. (13,14,15)

An example of an herb ruled by Jupiter is bilberry. (12)Bilberry has flavonoids(13,16) called Anthocyanocides. They protect the retina from diabetic retinopathy, commonly seen in vata and pitta (juvenile onset) type of diabetes.

Astrology is useful in selecting the suitable mode of treatment for a person and to be able to confidently predict its results. By examining the natal chart and transitory results, we can assess the benefic planets. By considering Dasa and Antardasas, we can select the appropriate herbs. For example, in kapha-type diabetes, both pungent and bitter herbs are useful. If Sun is benefic to the patient, we can prefer the pungent herbs (related to Sun) over bitter herbs. If Sun is malefic, pungent herbs lead to complications. If Saturn is benefic, bitter herbs related to Saturn would be preferable to pungent herbs.

Doctors without knowledge of astrology cannot predict the results of treatment because the same herb may work well for some patients, yet won’t give relief and may even create complications for other patients with the same disease and symptoms. In some cases, for the same patient, an herb gives good results in one period and may create complications in another period depending on the Ascendent, Dasa and Antardasas, and the transitory results of the planets.

Changing lifestyles, cultivating good habits and getting psychological support is important in treating diabetes. This can be helped by performing pujas rituals. While performing pujas, patients will do pradakhana (circumambulation), a good physical exercise which is essential in diabetes. They also avoid alcohol and cigars in that Mandala (40 days). Usually people perform pujas for a prescribed period of 40, 80, or 120 days. Pujas offered to planetry Dieties is believed to nullify the malefic effects of  planets. In performing a puja ceremony, one offers the Deities particular leaves, fruits, flowers, food, water, and ghee lamps (17). These offerings are believed to have medicinal values, treating diseases caused by that planet.
Ancient priests recommend the Diety to be worshiped depending on the strength of planet causing  the disease, ownership of the house where planet is placed, aspects of the planet on other planets and the Ascendant of the individual. They also suggest specific mantras and suitable offerings to be made. However, one can’t simplify greater Dieties effects to a single planetary influence.(18)
Description of popularly performed Pujas to nullify effects of various planets:
Jupiter Hindus usually pray and offer grass to Lord Ganesh18 during pujas. Researchers in Allahabad university (19) have proved that Cynodon Dactylon (grass) reduces blood glucose levels in diabetics.  
Venus - pujas is offered to Goddess Lakshmi(18) with rice preparations like Pulihora (rice preparations made up of turmeric)  and pongal (rice preparations made up of black pepper).  These are useful in reducing  obesity and thus the kapha type of diabetes caused by Venus (1). 
Saturn: pujas is performed to Lord Siva.(18) The offering includes Bael (Aegle marmelos or Bilva) leaves which are useful in treating  diabetes.(20) They also rinse  Sivalingam (Sacred stone which symbolically represents Lord Siva) with milk and consume the same, which is also useful in vata type of diabetes.(1)
Rahu:
1. To nullify Rahu’s malefic effect, Hindus pray to lord Vishnu who is symbolically represented by the amla tree. Amla fruits are useful in treating diabetes, both in strengthening the brain (21) and for psychological disorders caused by Rahu.
2. Pujas may also be performed to Serpent God,(18) offering sweets of sesame and jaggery. Applying sesame oil to head and forehead in the form of Shirodhara is recommended to treat vata type diabetes.1 The ritual includes pouring Panchamruta  (milk mixed with honey, yogurt, ghee, and sugar) and later consuming it. These are also good for vata type diabetes.(1)
3. Prayers to Godess Durga(18)  are used with offerings of garlands of lemon fruits. The  juice of those lemons is used to protect themselves from the poisonous rays of Rahu. Lemon reduces vata.(23) 
Sun: perform prayers to Lord Vishnu(18) and offer Chakrapongali (A rice preparation made up of ghee and other sweets). This is useful in Pitta type of diabetes. Amla also represents Lord Vishnu, reducing both vata and pitta in treating diabetes.(21) Garlands of Holy Basil leaves are offered. Basil increases pitta and reduces kapha and vata22 and is useful to reduce excess kapha produced due to ingesting ghee preparations. Care should be taken in following these methods of remedial measures.

Ancient Priests in Hindu temples guided people in these matters. They were well versed with knowledge of Astrology, Ayurveda, Vedas and Mantra Sastras. People accepted their guidance in taking remedial measures. Medicinally valued food enriched with the vibrational energy of mantras helps to cure the disease. Performing pujas has a lot of psychological impact.  Research studies show that religiosity and spirituality improve mental health by reducing stress and depression and by increasing hope and forgiveness.(24) Maintaining good mental health is very important in controlling diabetes because stress and tension raises sugar levels.  Diabetes itself leads to depression and depression further deteriorates the disease.(25) By utilizing pujas, we help avoid psychological complications. A Karmic healer not only treats symptoms. but also  helps patients in removing the karmic causes including wrong attitudes and inappropriate lifestyles behind the disease.(5) Ancient Priests help patients in remove the karmic causes behind diabetes by suggesting the appropriate pujas to be performed.  They help change the wrong attitudes and inappropriate lifestyles behind diabetes and thus they are good Karmic healers.
Conclusion: The natal chart of an individual indicates the type of diabetes an individual may get. Each planet has its own type of temperament (kapha-producing, pitta-producing or vata-producing.) Herbs ruled by that planet will also have same characteristics. One planet’s malefic effects can be balanced by another planet. Herbs ruled by balancing planet can be used to cure the diseases caused by another planet’s malefic effect. In Hindu tradition performing Pujas to Planetary Dieties is one of remedial measures to protect from diseases caused by malefic planets. Pujas offerings have medicinal values and and help with lifestyle changes and psychological support to cure diabetes at the karmic level.
References:
1. Frawley,D . Aurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide. 2nd ed.  New Delhi ,India: Motilal Banarsidas publishers :2003. 236 -238.
2. Diabetes Information.  U.S.Food and Drug Administration, 4/16/02. Available http://www.fda.gov/diabetes/qna.html#3
3. Jagannathrao . Principles and Practice of Medical Astrology, 2 nd ed. New Delhi,India: SagarPublications:1972.2
4. Frawley,D. Ayurvedic  Astrology Self-healing through Stars.New delhi ,India: Motilal Banarsidas publishers: 2007. 20
5. . Frawley,D. Ayurvedic  Astrology ibid:.21
6.Charak ,KS. Essentials of Medical Astrology ,2nd ed.New Delhi , India: Ranjan Publications 1996.184.
7.Frawley,D. Ayurvedic  Astrology ibid: 58
8. ibid:102
9. ibid:100
 10. ibid:101
11.Frawley.D and Vasant Lad. The Yoga of Herbs ,2 nd ed .  New Delhi ,India:Motilal Banarsidas publishers:2004. 28-34
12. Raphel. Raphel’s Medical Astrology. NewDelhi,India : Sagar Publications:1973:82-88.
13. McWhorter, LS. Biological complementary therapies: a focus on botanical products in diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum 2001;14:199–208.
http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/14/4/199
14. Yeh,GY. Et.al., Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes.  Diabetes Care, 2003; 2:1277-1294.
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/4/1277?maxtoshow=&HITS=&hits=&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=treatment+of+diabetes+by+insulin+and+herbs&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=1/1/1980&resourcet%E2%80%A6

15. Sheela CG, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic, Allium sativum Linn. Indian J Exp Biol , 1992;30:523–526.
16. Murry, MT. and Pzzorno, JE. Encyclopedia of Natural medicine 2nd  ed, Rocklin,C.A: : PrimaPublishing 1998.
17. Frawley,D. Ayurvedic  Astrology ibid:164-166
18.Frawley,D. Ayurvedic  Astrology ibid:134-143.
19. Rajiv Mani.Doob can fight diabetes, The Times of India: 31Dec 2007.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lucknow/Doob_can_fight_diabetes/articleshow/2663367.cms 20.Frawley.D and Vasant Lad. The Yoga of Herbs ,2 nd ed .  New Delhi ,India:Motilal Banarsidas publishers:2004.239
21.Frawley.D and Vasant Lad. ibid: 157
22.Frawley,D. Ayurvedic  Ayurvedic  Astrology ibid:102-103.
23.Frawley.D and Vasant Lad. ibid:57
24.Olphen,JV. Schilz,A .et.al., Religious involvement, social support,and health among African-American women on the east side of Detroit. JGen Intern Med,2003; 18(7): 549-557.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1494889
25. Depression.American Diabetes Association,
http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes/depression.jsp Accessed on 4/25/2008.